The History of Fishing on the Great Lakes
Published: Sunday, June 27, 2021
By: FishingBooker.com
The Great Lakes are one of the world’s most impressive natural wonders. Together, Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario represent the largest freshwater surface in the world and one-fifth of all the freshwater on the planet! The story of fishing in these remarkable waters spans thousands of years and is equally awe inspiring. Over time, fishing on the Great Lakes evolved from a source of sustenance to a source of income and recreation. So, let’s explore the history of fishing on the Great Lakes.
Through its history, fishing on the Great Lakes has gone through three stages. There’s the earliest, the tribal fishing stage; the most impactful, the commercial fishing stage; and the newest and most lucrative, the recreational fishing stage.
When exploring the first two stages, we’ll examine how human interaction with fishing these lakes affected the lakes and the people who lived here. Then, during the third stage, we’ll witness how the recreational fishing industry saved the lakes’ ecosystem and, in turn, brought millions to the region.
Tribal Fishing on the Great Lakes
For over a thousand years before European settlers came to the Great Lakes, indigenous tribes employed spearfishing, angling, and netting techniques to hunt fish. They hunted for their own sustenance, as well as for inter-tribal trade. These were the Algonquian speaking Anishinaabe tribes, such as the Odawa, Saulteaux, Potawatomi, and Ojibwe (Chippewa).
During those early days, fish were a major part of indigenous peoples’ diet and culture. The natives relied heavily on catching species like Whitefish, Lake Trout, Sturgeon, Walleye, Cisco, and Atlantic Salmon (Lake Ontario). Even though fishing was a year-round occupation, the native populations targeting them realized that fish were more abundant at certain times than at others.
In spring and autumn, when the fish crowded into shallow waters, the tribes settled around the shores of the Great Lakes. During these months, the fishermen would catch as many as several hundred fish a day. Autumn fishing was especially bountiful, because the tribes had to catch enough fish to last them through winter.
To preserve the fish for the cold months ahead, the tribal fishermen of the Great Lakes used smoking and drying techniques. In colder months, they could freeze the fish for later use. Some tribes, like the Anishinaabe of Sault Ste. Marie, continued to fish even through the cold winters. Since catching fish was fundamental to their survival, the Anishinaabe became exceptionally proficient in a variety of fishing techniques.
Netting
One of the most effective fishing tools used by tribes living around the Great Lakes was the gill net. Using local materials like basswood and nettle, the women would fabricate meshes, onto which they would attach sinker stones.
The men worked the cedar trees into floats and canoes, from which they would cast these nets. They would position two canoes side by side and cast the net in between the two. By the end of the day, the fishermen would have hundreds of fish in their boats.
Netting was particularly effective for catching Whitefish in the deeper waters of Lake Superior.
Spearfishing
The Anishinaabe didn’t just fish by day. They employed their hunting prowess after sundown, too. One ingenious night fishing tactic saw the use of pine resin and charcoal to make pitch torches. The natives would use these torches to attract fish at night, and spear them from their canoes with ease. To sharpen their weapons, the fishermen tipped their spears with animal bone or horn points.
For tribes like the Odawa, spearing fish was a very effective technique for catching Walleye and Sturgeon on Lake Huron and Lake Michigan.
Trapping
Another fishing technique the Great Lakes tribes utilized was using stone weirs. The fishermen would stand in the shallows and pile up stones to form a V shape. These stones would make any passing fish come straight to the narrow opening where the hunters would catch them by hand, spear, or net.
Settling Down
Native tribes realized how important fishing was for their sustenance. They decided to settle around a few of the most productive spots around the lakes, birthing some of the first local fishing villages. Over time, some of these villages grew to become the largest cities in Canada and the U.S.
One such place is the town of Mississauga, Ontario. In old Anishinaabe, Mississauga means “Those at the Great River-mouth.” Today, with three-quarters of a million people, this place is the sixth most populous municipality in Canada.
Things aren’t much different south of the border, either. Four of the first settlements on the Great Lakes are among the twelve largest cities in the States today.
Making Contact with the Europeans
The first recorded contact between Native American tribes and European settlers occurred between 1534 and 1542, when Jacques Cartier of France explored the St. Lawrence River. In the following years, the tribesmen would venture from Lake Michigan to Lake Huron, through the Straits of Mackinac, to meet with European traders and sell their freshly caught fish.Inter-tribal trade aside, you could say that this was the start of tribal commercial fishing.
Surrendering the Land
Between 1781 and 1854, local Native American tribes signed a series of treaties ceding lands and waters of the Great Lakes to the British, the Canadians, and the U.S. For example, the treaties of 1836, 1842, and 1854 surrendered lands and waters of the Great Lakes region to the U.S. federal government, while establishing tribal fishing rights in large areas of U.S. Great Lakes waters.
In 1836, the Saugeen Ojibwe signed the Surrender of Southern Saugeen and Nawash Territories (present day Ontario) with the British. And in 1854, they signed the Surrender of the Saugeen (Bruce) Peninsula with the Canadian government.
While the three non-native sides saw the treaties as legal surrender of territories, “owning land” was somewhat of a foreign concept for the natives. So removed were the Native Americans from the idea of fencing off lands as private property, that they assumed that they were simply granting permission for sharing and occupation of the land. For this reason, the interpretation of the treaties by the two signatory sides was wildly different.
Be that as it may, the land-ceding treaties proved extremely important for Native American fishing today. The documents stipulate that signatory Native American tribes and First Nation communities could continue to hunt, fish, trap, and gather resources on lands and water ceded to foreign governments until the land was required for settlement.
Present-day regulations on Native American fishing rights are heavily based on these very treaties.
Commercial Fishing on the Great Lakes
Dating back to the mid 1800s, the Great Lakes commercial fishery is one of the oldest in this part of the world. It didn’t take long for the industry to become a giant part of the economy, both in Canada and the U.S.
Before and even after fishing on the Great Lakes started being regulated, commercial fishers harvested pretty much any fish they could sell. These included Lake Trout, Walleye, Yellow Perch, Lake Herring, Sturgeon, Atlantic Salmon, and Whitefish.
The early commercial fishing industry did create a large number of jobs in the local Great Lakes communities. It significantly contributed to the development of numerous towns on the lakes. But this growth came with a price. Thanks to the breakneck pace of fish harvesting, many of the native species came close to extinction or became completely extinct.
It’s not difficult to see why. By 1895, more than 12 million yards of gill nets were licensed in Ontario alone. From the mid-1800s up until the 1940s, Lake Trout fishers used trotlines, with upwards of 2,000 baited hooks per boat! In comparison, state fishing regulations these days vary but some, such as Ohio for example, limit hooks to no more than 50 hooks per trotline, no more than three trotlines per body of water, and trotlines can only be used in approved and limited places. Other states have outlawed them completely.
The Fish Trade
With no way of preserving freshly caught fish, fishers mainly sold their catch to local markets. Fish intended for more distant markets were typically packed in barrels of salt brine. Sailing vessels transported such barrels from the Great Lakes to the eastern United States.
The following decades brought a few key developments, allowing commercial fishing in the Great Lakes to grow tremendously:
- Openings of the Erie Canal in 1825 and the Ohio Canal in 1832 created new trading avenues, after which East-Coast-bound shipments skyrocketed.
- A new salt mine opened at Goderich, Ontario, during the 1870s, allowing a sustainable supply of salt for fish preservation.
- Railways opened up in the 1830s in the United States and the 1850s in Canada, creating even better delivery routes.
- The end of the 19th century saw the use of the first ice machines. By 1900, shipments of salted fish were rare.
Early Fishing Regulations
Both Canada and the U.S. were quick to recognize the need for regulation, establishing fishing rules through federal, provincial, and state legislature. However, during these early days, only one of the two countries approached the issue with conservation in mind.
For example, the Province of Ontario passed a law providing for fish passage over mill dams and regulation of fishing techniques, seasons, and locations for Atlantic Salmon in Lake Ontario tributaries as early as 1828. By 1885, the province had a mandatory licensing system.
On the other hand, the first commercial fishing laws in Michigan from 1865 were more focused on bringing money into state coffers through fees, taxes, and revenues. However, by 1929, the number of individuals generating income from commercial fishing numbered in the tens of thousands. That year, the state passed a law establishing minimum size limits for fish, season closures, and legal types of commercial fishing gear.
Many other states followed suit and people thought things were starting to look up for the Great Lakes… but only on the surface. The greatest freshwater fishery was only about to enter its most dire days.
At the start of the 20th century, things were looking grim for the Great Lakes fish population. Decades of overfishing decimated the lakes. But one man’s vision was about to change it all.
Big Problem – Big Solution
In the early 1900s, regulators were struggling to establish the exact size of a local fish population. For this reason, they weren’t really able to set meaningful restrictions on the growing commercial fishing industry. The resource was being over-exploited.
This was not the only issue, though. Building sawmills and other facilities caused water pollution and restricted access to spawning grounds in the lakes’ tributaries. A number of local fish species started to decline. And then, the real trouble started.
The Problem
During the 1930s, a new invasive species started to show up in the Great Lakes. This was the infamous alewife, a type of herring native to the Atlantic Ocean.
Similar to Salmon, alewives have a saltwater feeding and a freshwater spawning life cycle. Searching for plankton and smaller fish to feed on, the alewives first made their way to Lake Ontario, then passed through the Welland Canal to make their first appearance in Lake Erie.
The alewives essentially swapped their Atlantic feeding grounds for the Great Lakes. In Lake Michigan and Lake Huron particularly, they caused devastation on a scale never seen before. But they wouldn’t have been able to cause such wreckage on their own.
In the 1950s, as the alewife population started to swell, another new invasive species appeared. This was the sea lamprey, an eel-like, blood-sucking parasite known for its gruesome rings of teeth. Lampreys feed by swimming up alongside their prey and then clamping down onto the fish with suction-cup mouths.
The alewives had only one natural predator: Lake Trout. As luck would have it, lamprey’s favorite target was this very animal. With Lake Trout out of the way, the alewives were left to ravage the smaller Great Lakes fish unchecked.
Ravaging as they were, the alewives weren’t native to the Great Lakes. They had no mechanism to withstand the Lakes’ wild temperature swings. This led to billions of fish dying off, contaminating urban drinking water, and overwhelming entire beaches with the smell of rotting fish.
As the 1960s rolled on, lake scientists finally had a breakthrough. They devised a lamprey-targeting toxin and introduced it into their river spawning grounds. The poison proved very effective, however, the damage was already done.
The Solution
Biologists began stocking Lake Trout, but they knew that with its 20-year life span, mitigating the alewife population was going to be a challenge. A faster solution was needed. In comes Howard Tanner, a man who has probably had more influence on the Great Lakes than any other person on the planet.
A Michigan native, Tanner fished for the Brook Trout of Jordan River since the age of five. By the time he was 15, he was already running guided trips on the river. By age 29, he had a PhD in fisheries biology, and was a World War II veteran.
The year was 1964, and concern about the Great Lakes fisheries had reached a high pitch. At that time, Howard Tanner worked as chief of fisheries research in Colorado. He got a phone call from his home university, offering him the opportunity to become chief of fisheries in Michigan. It probably wasn’t the money, or even the fact that he would be closer to his family, that drew him to accept.
The largest natural lake in Colorado is a one-square-mile pond called Grand Lake. The largest artificial lakes of the time might have been bigger, but they were still puddles compared to any of the Great Lakes. This is what Tanner couldn’t say no to: taking care of such a vast expanse was a once in a lifetime opportunity.
The Western approach to fisheries management was completely different from how things were done in the East, though. A huge number of western bodies of water were man-made water basins where scientists created entire ecosystems from scratch. This approach gave Tanner a unique perspective on the Great Lakes situation. Where most could only see a natural disaster, Tanner saw an opportunity.
And, there was another thing. Up until then, boat fishing on the Great Lakes had been the domain of the commercial fishing industry. Recreational fishers kept mostly to piers and shorelines, going for Whitefish and Perch. Lake Trout might have been the dread of most native fish, but it was pretty feeble when it came to battling anglers, which didn’t make it an attractive gamefish.
The two notions gave Tanner a unique idea. He could construct a whole new ecosystem. This one would resurrect the old ecosystem, as well as bring thousands of anglers to the Great Lakes. How did he do it?
Tanner realized that the perfect way to deal with the festering alewives was to introduce a natural predator into their midst. The best part was he could also turn the lakes into a sportfisher’s paradise in the same stride. In his mind, one fish was up to the task more than any other: Pacific Salmon.
The only problem was finding the eggs. Tanner knew how hard this was to do from his days in Colorado. Luckily, biologists had just concocted a new type of dry pellet to feed baby Salmon precisely at that time. Stocking fish was about to change completely, nation-wide. Soon after, Tanner learned that the state of Oregon fisheries department had Coho Salmon eggs to spare.
One phone call later, a million Coho eggs were on their way to Michigan.
The experiment worked like a charm. As soon as Coho established a foothold in the lakes, they started feasting on the alewives, and the entire ecosystem started to slowly rebound. Soon after, Tanner and his colleagues started introducing other species of fish. Thanks to them, the Great Lakes have become a multi-million dollar recreational fishery.
The Outcome
Nowadays, the alewives are all but gone. With no food source, the Salmon population has started to dwindle, and scientists no longer see the need to continue stocking them. But this is not a bad thing.
What’s actually happening is that the Great Lakes are finally starting to return to their natural state. With the invasive species gone, Lake Trout and Walleye are coming back, and Whitefish is as abundant as ever. This is the ultimate success of Howard Tanner’s plan. But that’s not all.
In 2012, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service estimated the annual net value of the recreational fishing industry on the Great Lakes to be somewhere between $393 million and $1.47 billion.
It’s important to note that these were just some of the stories about the history of fishing on the Great Lakes. You could spend a lifetime exploring all the adventures this place has witnessed. Through fishing and storytelling, the legacy of fishing on the Great Lakes lives to this day. And may it continue for many years to come.
This article was originally published on www.fishingbooker.com. FishingBooker is the world’s largest platform for connecting anglers and fishing guides, with over 31,000 fishing trips available in more than 1,850 cities worldwide.
A version of this article also appeared in the Launch Issue (May/June) 2021 of Great Lakes Scuttlebutt magazine.
